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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta name="nodejs.org:node-version" content="v22.22.0"> <title>Modules: CommonJS modules | Node.js v22.22.0 Documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic&display=fallback"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/style.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/hljs.css"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nodejs.org/api/modules.html"> <script async defer src="assets/api.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script> const storedTheme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); // Follow operating system theme preference if (storedTheme === null && window.matchMedia) { const mq = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)'); if (mq.matches) { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark-mode'); } } else if (storedTheme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark-mode'); } </script> </head> <body 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</div> <div id="column1" data-id="modules" class="interior"> <header class="header"> <div class="header-container"> <h1>Node.js v22.22.0 documentation</h1> <button class="theme-toggle-btn" id="theme-toggle-btn" title="Toggle dark mode/light mode" aria-label="Toggle dark mode/light mode" hidden> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon dark-icon" height="24" width="24"> <path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" /> <path d="M11.1 12.08c-2.33-4.51-.5-8.48.53-10.07C6.27 2.2 1.98 6.59 1.98 12c0 .14.02.28.02.42.62-.27 1.29-.42 2-.42 1.66 0 3.18.83 4.1 2.15A4.01 4.01 0 0111 18c0 1.52-.87 2.83-2.12 3.51.98.32 2.03.5 3.11.5 3.5 0 6.58-1.8 8.37-4.52-2.36.23-6.98-.97-9.26-5.41z"/> <path d="M7 16h-.18C6.4 14.84 5.3 14 4 14c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3h3c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2z"/> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon light-icon" height="24" width="24"> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /> <path d="M6.76 4.84l-1.8-1.79-1.41 1.41 1.79 1.79 1.42-1.41zM4 10.5H1v2h3v-2zm9-9.95h-2V3.5h2V.55zm7.45 3.91l-1.41-1.41-1.79 1.79 1.41 1.41 1.79-1.79zm-3.21 13.7l1.79 1.8 1.41-1.41-1.8-1.79-1.4 1.4zM20 10.5v2h3v-2h-3zm-8-5c-3.31 0-6 2.69-6 6s2.69 6 6 6 6-2.69 6-6-2.69-6-6-6zm-1 16.95h2V19.5h-2v2.95zm-7.45-3.91l1.41 1.41 1.79-1.8-1.41-1.41-1.79 1.8z"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div id="gtoc"> <ul> <li class="pinned-header">Node.js v22.22.0</li> <li class="picker-header"> <a href="#toc-picker" aria-controls="toc-picker"> <span class="picker-arrow"></span> Table of contents </a> <div class="picker" tabindex="-1"><div class="toc"><ul id="toc-picker"> <li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#modules-commonjs-modules">Modules: CommonJS modules</a></span> <ul> <li><a href="#enabling">Enabling</a></li> <li><a href="#accessing-the-main-module">Accessing the main module</a></li> <li><a href="#package-manager-tips">Package manager tips</a></li> <li><span class="stability_1.2"><a href="#loading-ecmascript-modules-using-require">Loading ECMAScript modules using <code>require()</code></a></span></li> <li><a href="#all-together">All together</a></li> <li><a href="#caching">Caching</a> <ul> <li><a href="#module-caching-caveats">Module caching caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#built-in-modules">Built-in modules</a> <ul> <li><a href="#built-in-modules-with-mandatory-node-prefix">Built-in modules with mandatory <code>node:</code> prefix</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="#file-modules">File modules</a></li> <li><span class="stability_3"><a href="#folders-as-modules">Folders as modules</a></span></li> <li><a href="#loading-from-node_modules-folders">Loading from <code>node_modules</code> folders</a></li> <li><a href="#loading-from-the-global-folders">Loading from the global folders</a></li> <li><a href="#the-module-wrapper">The module wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="#the-module-scope">The module scope</a> <ul> <li><a href="#__dirname"><code>__dirname</code></a></li> <li><a href="#__filename"><code>__filename</code></a></li> <li><a href="#exports"><code>exports</code></a></li> <li><a href="#module"><code>module</code></a></li> <li><a href="#requireid"><code>require(id)</code></a> <ul> <li><a href="#requirecache"><code>require.cache</code></a></li> <li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#requireextensions"><code>require.extensions</code></a></span></li> <li><a href="#requiremain"><code>require.main</code></a></li> <li><a href="#requireresolverequest-options"><code>require.resolve(request[, options])</code></a> <ul> <li><a href="#requireresolvepathsrequest"><code>require.resolve.paths(request)</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#the-module-object">The <code>module</code> object</a> <ul> <li><a href="#modulechildren"><code>module.children</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleexports"><code>module.exports</code></a> <ul> <li><a href="#exports-shortcut"><code>exports</code> shortcut</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#modulefilename"><code>module.filename</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleid"><code>module.id</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleispreloading"><code>module.isPreloading</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleloaded"><code>module.loaded</code></a></li> <li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#moduleparent"><code>module.parent</code></a></span></li> <li><a href="#modulepath"><code>module.path</code></a></li> <li><a href="#modulepaths"><code>module.paths</code></a></li> <li><a href="#modulerequireid"><code>module.require(id)</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#the-module-object_1">The <code>Module</code> object</a></li> <li><a href="#source-map-v3-support">Source map v3 support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></div> </li> <li class="picker-header"> <a href="#gtoc-picker" aria-controls="gtoc-picker"> <span class="picker-arrow"></span> Index </a> <div class="picker" tabindex="-1" id="gtoc-picker"><ul> <li><a href="documentation.html" class="nav-documentation">About this documentation</a></li> <li><a href="synopsis.html" class="nav-synopsis">Usage and example</a></li> <li> <a href="index.html">Index</a> </li> </ul> <hr class="line"> <ul> <li><a href="assert.html" class="nav-assert">Assertion testing</a></li> <li><a href="async_context.html" class="nav-async_context">Asynchronous context tracking</a></li> <li><a href="async_hooks.html" class="nav-async_hooks">Async hooks</a></li> <li><a href="buffer.html" class="nav-buffer">Buffer</a></li> <li><a href="addons.html" class="nav-addons">C++ addons</a></li> <li><a href="n-api.html" class="nav-n-api">C/C++ addons with Node-API</a></li> <li><a href="embedding.html" class="nav-embedding">C++ embedder API</a></li> <li><a href="child_process.html" class="nav-child_process">Child processes</a></li> <li><a href="cluster.html" class="nav-cluster">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="cli.html" class="nav-cli">Command-line options</a></li> <li><a href="console.html" class="nav-console">Console</a></li> <li><a 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class="nav-inspector">Inspector</a></li> <li><a href="intl.html" class="nav-intl">Internationalization</a></li> <li><a href="modules.html" class="nav-modules active">Modules: CommonJS modules</a></li> <li><a href="esm.html" class="nav-esm">Modules: ECMAScript modules</a></li> <li><a href="module.html" class="nav-module">Modules: <code>node:module</code> API</a></li> <li><a href="packages.html" class="nav-packages">Modules: Packages</a></li> <li><a href="typescript.html" class="nav-typescript">Modules: TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="net.html" class="nav-net">Net</a></li> <li><a href="os.html" class="nav-os">OS</a></li> <li><a href="path.html" class="nav-path">Path</a></li> <li><a href="perf_hooks.html" class="nav-perf_hooks">Performance hooks</a></li> <li><a href="permissions.html" class="nav-permissions">Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="process.html" class="nav-process">Process</a></li> <li><a href="punycode.html" class="nav-punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="querystring.html" class="nav-querystring">Query strings</a></li> <li><a href="readline.html" class="nav-readline">Readline</a></li> <li><a href="repl.html" class="nav-repl">REPL</a></li> <li><a href="report.html" class="nav-report">Report</a></li> <li><a href="single-executable-applications.html" class="nav-single-executable-applications">Single executable applications</a></li> <li><a href="sqlite.html" class="nav-sqlite">SQLite</a></li> <li><a href="stream.html" class="nav-stream">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="string_decoder.html" class="nav-string_decoder">String decoder</a></li> <li><a href="test.html" class="nav-test">Test runner</a></li> <li><a href="timers.html" class="nav-timers">Timers</a></li> <li><a href="tls.html" class="nav-tls">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="tracing.html" class="nav-tracing">Trace events</a></li> <li><a href="tty.html" class="nav-tty">TTY</a></li> <li><a href="dgram.html" class="nav-dgram">UDP/datagram</a></li> <li><a href="url.html" class="nav-url">URL</a></li> <li><a href="util.html" class="nav-util">Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="v8.html" class="nav-v8">V8</a></li> <li><a href="vm.html" class="nav-vm">VM</a></li> <li><a href="wasi.html" class="nav-wasi">WASI</a></li> <li><a href="webcrypto.html" class="nav-webcrypto">Web Crypto API</a></li> <li><a href="webstreams.html" class="nav-webstreams">Web Streams API</a></li> <li><a href="worker_threads.html" class="nav-worker_threads">Worker threads</a></li> <li><a href="zlib.html" class="nav-zlib">Zlib</a></li> </ul> <hr class="line"> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node" class="nav-https-github-com-nodejs-node">Code repository and issue tracker</a></li> </ul></div> </li> <li class="picker-header"> <a href="#alt-docs" aria-controls="alt-docs"> <span class="picker-arrow"></span> Other versions </a> <div class="picker" tabindex="-1"><ol id="alt-docs"><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v25.x/api/modules.html">25.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v24.x/api/modules.html">24.x <b>LTS</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v23.x/api/modules.html">23.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v22.x/api/modules.html">22.x <b>LTS</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v21.x/api/modules.html">21.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v20.x/api/modules.html">20.x <b>LTS</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v19.x/api/modules.html">19.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v18.x/api/modules.html">18.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v17.x/api/modules.html">17.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v16.x/api/modules.html">16.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v15.x/api/modules.html">15.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v14.x/api/modules.html">14.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v13.x/api/modules.html">13.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v12.x/api/modules.html">12.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v11.x/api/modules.html">11.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v10.x/api/modules.html">10.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v9.x/api/modules.html">9.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v8.x/api/modules.html">8.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v7.x/api/modules.html">7.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v6.x/api/modules.html">6.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v5.x/api/modules.html">5.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v4.x/api/modules.html">4.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.12.x/api/modules.html">0.12.x</a></li> <li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.10.x/api/modules.html">0.10.x</a></li></ol></div> </li> <li class="picker-header"> <a href="#options-picker" aria-controls="options-picker"> <span class="picker-arrow"></span> Options </a> <div class="picker" tabindex="-1"> <ul id="options-picker"> <li> <a href="all.html">View on single page</a> </li> <li> <a href="modules.json">View as JSON</a> </li> <li class="edit_on_github"><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/edit/main/doc/api/modules.md">Edit on GitHub</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <hr> </header> <details role="navigation" id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul> <li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#modules-commonjs-modules">Modules: CommonJS modules</a></span> <ul> <li><a href="#enabling">Enabling</a></li> <li><a href="#accessing-the-main-module">Accessing the main module</a></li> <li><a href="#package-manager-tips">Package manager tips</a></li> <li><span class="stability_1.2"><a href="#loading-ecmascript-modules-using-require">Loading ECMAScript modules using <code>require()</code></a></span></li> <li><a href="#all-together">All together</a></li> <li><a href="#caching">Caching</a> <ul> <li><a href="#module-caching-caveats">Module caching caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#built-in-modules">Built-in modules</a> <ul> <li><a href="#built-in-modules-with-mandatory-node-prefix">Built-in modules with mandatory <code>node:</code> prefix</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="#file-modules">File modules</a></li> <li><span class="stability_3"><a href="#folders-as-modules">Folders as modules</a></span></li> <li><a href="#loading-from-node_modules-folders">Loading from <code>node_modules</code> folders</a></li> <li><a href="#loading-from-the-global-folders">Loading from the global folders</a></li> <li><a href="#the-module-wrapper">The module wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="#the-module-scope">The module scope</a> <ul> <li><a href="#__dirname"><code>__dirname</code></a></li> <li><a href="#__filename"><code>__filename</code></a></li> <li><a href="#exports"><code>exports</code></a></li> <li><a href="#module"><code>module</code></a></li> <li><a href="#requireid"><code>require(id)</code></a> <ul> <li><a href="#requirecache"><code>require.cache</code></a></li> <li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#requireextensions"><code>require.extensions</code></a></span></li> <li><a href="#requiremain"><code>require.main</code></a></li> <li><a href="#requireresolverequest-options"><code>require.resolve(request[, options])</code></a> <ul> <li><a href="#requireresolvepathsrequest"><code>require.resolve.paths(request)</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#the-module-object">The <code>module</code> object</a> <ul> <li><a href="#modulechildren"><code>module.children</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleexports"><code>module.exports</code></a> <ul> <li><a href="#exports-shortcut"><code>exports</code> shortcut</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#modulefilename"><code>module.filename</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleid"><code>module.id</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleispreloading"><code>module.isPreloading</code></a></li> <li><a href="#moduleloaded"><code>module.loaded</code></a></li> <li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#moduleparent"><code>module.parent</code></a></span></li> <li><a href="#modulepath"><code>module.path</code></a></li> <li><a href="#modulepaths"><code>module.paths</code></a></li> <li><a href="#modulerequireid"><code>module.require(id)</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#the-module-object_1">The <code>Module</code> object</a></li> <li><a href="#source-map-v3-support">Source map v3 support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></details> <div role="main" id="apicontent"> <h2>Modules: CommonJS modules<span><a class="mark" href="#modules-commonjs-modules" id="modules-commonjs-modules">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_modules_commonjs_modules"></a></h2> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_2"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 2</a> - Stable</div><p></p> <p>CommonJS modules are the original way to package JavaScript code for Node.js. Node.js also supports the <a href="esm.html">ECMAScript modules</a> standard used by browsers and other JavaScript runtimes.</p> <p>In Node.js, each file is treated as a separate module. For example, consider a file named <code>foo.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> circle = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./circle.js'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`The area of a circle of radius 4 is <span class="hljs-subst">${circle.area(<span class="hljs-number">4</span>)}</span>`</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>On the first line, <code>foo.js</code> loads the module <code>circle.js</code> that is in the same directory as <code>foo.js</code>.</p> <p>Here are the contents of <code>circle.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-variable constant_">PI</span> } = <span class="hljs-title class_">Math</span>; <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">area</span> = <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">r</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-variable constant_">PI</span> * r ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span>; <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">circumference</span> = <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">r</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-number">2</span> * <span class="hljs-variable constant_">PI</span> * r;</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>The module <code>circle.js</code> has exported the functions <code>area()</code> and <code>circumference()</code>. Functions and objects are added to the root of a module by specifying additional properties on the special <code>exports</code> object.</p> <p>Variables local to the module will be private, because the module is wrapped in a function by Node.js (see <a href="#the-module-wrapper">module wrapper</a>). In this example, the variable <code>PI</code> is private to <code>circle.js</code>.</p> <p>The <code>module.exports</code> property can be assigned a new value (such as a function or object).</p> <p>In the following code, <code>bar.js</code> makes use of the <code>square</code> module, which exports a Square class:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Square</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./square.js'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> mySquare = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Square</span>(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`The area of mySquare is <span class="hljs-subst">${mySquare.area()}</span>`</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>The <code>square</code> module is defined in <code>square.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// Assigning to exports will not modify module, must use module.exports</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Square</span> { <span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">width</span>) { <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">width</span> = width; } <span class="hljs-title function_">area</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">width</span> ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span>; } };</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>The CommonJS module system is implemented in the <a href="module.html"><code>module</code> core module</a>.</p> <section><h3>Enabling<span><a class="mark" href="#enabling" id="enabling">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_enabling"></a></h3> <p>Node.js has two module systems: CommonJS modules and <a href="esm.html">ECMAScript modules</a>.</p> <p>By default, Node.js will treat the following as CommonJS modules:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Files with a <code>.cjs</code> extension;</p> </li> <li> <p>Files with a <code>.js</code> extension when the nearest parent <code>package.json</code> file contains a top-level field <a href="packages.html#type"><code>"type"</code></a> with a value of <code>"commonjs"</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Files with a <code>.js</code> extension or without an extension, when the nearest parent <code>package.json</code> file doesn't contain a top-level field <a href="packages.html#type"><code>"type"</code></a> or there is no <code>package.json</code> in any parent folder; unless the file contains syntax that errors unless it is evaluated as an ES module. Package authors should include the <a href="packages.html#type"><code>"type"</code></a> field, even in packages where all sources are CommonJS. Being explicit about the <code>type</code> of the package will make things easier for build tools and loaders to determine how the files in the package should be interpreted.</p> </li> <li> <p>Files with an extension that is not <code>.mjs</code>, <code>.cjs</code>, <code>.json</code>, <code>.node</code>, or <code>.js</code> (when the nearest parent <code>package.json</code> file contains a top-level field <a href="packages.html#type"><code>"type"</code></a> with a value of <code>"module"</code>, those files will be recognized as CommonJS modules only if they are being included via <code>require()</code>, not when used as the command-line entry point of the program).</p> </li> </ul> <p>See <a href="packages.html#determining-module-system">Determining module system</a> for more details.</p> <p>Calling <code>require()</code> always use the CommonJS module loader. Calling <code>import()</code> always use the ECMAScript module loader.</p> </section><section><h3>Accessing the main module<span><a class="mark" href="#accessing-the-main-module" id="accessing-the-main-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_accessing_the_main_module"></a></h3> <p>When a file is run directly from Node.js, <code>require.main</code> is set to its <code>module</code>. That means that it is possible to determine whether a file has been run directly by testing <code>require.main === module</code>.</p> <p>For a file <code>foo.js</code>, this will be <code>true</code> if run via <code>node foo.js</code>, but <code>false</code> if run by <code>require('./foo')</code>.</p> <p>When the entry point is not a CommonJS module, <code>require.main</code> is <code>undefined</code>, and the main module is out of reach.</p> </section><section><h3>Package manager tips<span><a class="mark" href="#package-manager-tips" id="package-manager-tips">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_package_manager_tips"></a></h3> <p>The semantics of the Node.js <code>require()</code> function were designed to be general enough to support reasonable directory structures. Package manager programs such as <code>dpkg</code>, <code>rpm</code>, and <code>npm</code> will hopefully find it possible to build native packages from Node.js modules without modification.</p> <p>In the following, we give a suggested directory structure that could work:</p> <p>Let's say that we wanted to have the folder at <code>/usr/lib/node/<some-package>/<some-version></code> hold the contents of a specific version of a package.</p> <p>Packages can depend on one another. In order to install package <code>foo</code>, it may be necessary to install a specific version of package <code>bar</code>. The <code>bar</code> package may itself have dependencies, and in some cases, these may even collide or form cyclic dependencies.</p> <p>Because Node.js looks up the <code>realpath</code> of any modules it loads (that is, it resolves symlinks) and then <a href="#loading-from-node_modules-folders">looks for their dependencies in <code>node_modules</code> folders</a>, this situation can be resolved with the following architecture:</p> <ul> <li><code>/usr/lib/node/foo/1.2.3/</code>: Contents of the <code>foo</code> package, version 1.2.3.</li> <li><code>/usr/lib/node/bar/4.3.2/</code>: Contents of the <code>bar</code> package that <code>foo</code> depends on.</li> <li><code>/usr/lib/node/foo/1.2.3/node_modules/bar</code>: Symbolic link to <code>/usr/lib/node/bar/4.3.2/</code>.</li> <li><code>/usr/lib/node/bar/4.3.2/node_modules/*</code>: Symbolic links to the packages that <code>bar</code> depends on.</li> </ul> <p>Thus, even if a cycle is encountered, or if there are dependency conflicts, every module will be able to get a version of its dependency that it can use.</p> <p>When the code in the <code>foo</code> package does <code>require('bar')</code>, it will get the version that is symlinked into <code>/usr/lib/node/foo/1.2.3/node_modules/bar</code>. Then, when the code in the <code>bar</code> package calls <code>require('quux')</code>, it'll get the version that is symlinked into <code>/usr/lib/node/bar/4.3.2/node_modules/quux</code>.</p> <p>Furthermore, to make the module lookup process even more optimal, rather than putting packages directly in <code>/usr/lib/node</code>, we could put them in <code>/usr/lib/node_modules/<name>/<version></code>. Then Node.js will not bother looking for missing dependencies in <code>/usr/node_modules</code> or <code>/node_modules</code>.</p> <p>In order to make modules available to the Node.js REPL, it might be useful to also add the <code>/usr/lib/node_modules</code> folder to the <code>$NODE_PATH</code> environment variable. Since the module lookups using <code>node_modules</code> folders are all relative, and based on the real path of the files making the calls to <code>require()</code>, the packages themselves can be anywhere.</p> </section><section><h3>Loading ECMAScript modules using <code>require()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#loading-ecmascript-modules-using-require" id="loading-ecmascript-modules-using-require">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_loading_ecmascript_modules_using_require"></a></h3> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v22.13.0</td> <td><p>This feature no longer emits an experimental warning by default, though the warning can still be emitted by --trace-require-module.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v23.0.0, v22.12.0</td> <td><p>This feature is no longer behind the <code>--experimental-require-module</code> CLI flag.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v22.12.0</td> <td><p>Support <code>'module.exports'</code> interop export in <code>require(esm)</code>.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v22.0.0</td> <td><p><span>Added in: v22.0.0</span></p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1.2</a> - Release candidate</div><p></p> <p>The <code>.mjs</code> extension is reserved for <a href="esm.html">ECMAScript Modules</a>. See <a href="packages.html#determining-module-system">Determining module system</a> section for more info regarding which files are parsed as ECMAScript modules.</p> <p><code>require()</code> only supports loading ECMAScript modules that meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li>The module is fully synchronous (contains no top-level <code>await</code>); and</li> <li>One of these conditions are met: <ol> <li>The file has a <code>.mjs</code> extension.</li> <li>The file has a <code>.js</code> extension, and the closest <code>package.json</code> contains <code>"type": "module"</code></li> <li>The file has a <code>.js</code> extension, the closest <code>package.json</code> does not contain <code>"type": "commonjs"</code>, and the module contains ES module syntax.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <p>If the ES Module being loaded meets the requirements, <code>require()</code> can load it and return the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import#module_namespace_object">module namespace object</a>. In this case it is similar to dynamic <code>import()</code> but is run synchronously and returns the name space object directly.</p> <p>With the following ES Modules:</p> <pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// distance.mjs</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">distance</span>(<span class="hljs-params">a, b</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Math</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">sqrt</span>((b.<span class="hljs-property">x</span> - a.<span class="hljs-property">x</span>) ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span> + (b.<span class="hljs-property">y</span> - a.<span class="hljs-property">y</span>) ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span>); }</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// point.mjs</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> { <span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">x, y</span>) { <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">x</span> = x; <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">y</span> = y; } }</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>A CommonJS module can load them with <code>require()</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> distance = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./distance.mjs'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(distance); <span class="hljs-comment">// [Module: null prototype] {</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// distance: [Function: distance]</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// }</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> point = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./point.mjs'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(point); <span class="hljs-comment">// [Module: null prototype] {</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// default: [class Point],</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// __esModule: true,</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// }</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>For interoperability with existing tools that convert ES Modules into CommonJS, which could then load real ES Modules through <code>require()</code>, the returned namespace would contain a <code>__esModule: true</code> property if it has a <code>default</code> export so that consuming code generated by tools can recognize the default exports in real ES Modules. If the namespace already defines <code>__esModule</code>, this would not be added. This property is experimental and can change in the future. It should only be used by tools converting ES modules into CommonJS modules, following existing ecosystem conventions. Code authored directly in CommonJS should avoid depending on it.</p> <p>When an ES Module contains both named exports and a default export, the result returned by <code>require()</code> is the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import#module_namespace_object">module namespace object</a>, which places the default export in the <code>.default</code> property, similar to the results returned by <code>import()</code>. To customize what should be returned by <code>require(esm)</code> directly, the ES Module can export the desired value using the string name <code>"module.exports"</code>.</p> <!-- eslint-disable @stylistic/js/semi --> <pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// point.mjs</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> { <span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">x, y</span>) { <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">x</span> = x; <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">y</span> = y; } } <span class="hljs-comment">// `distance` is lost to CommonJS consumers of this module, unless it's</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// added to `Point` as a static property.</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">distance</span>(<span class="hljs-params">a, b</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Math</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">sqrt</span>((b.<span class="hljs-property">x</span> - a.<span class="hljs-property">x</span>) ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span> + (b.<span class="hljs-property">y</span> - a.<span class="hljs-property">y</span>) ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span>); } <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> <span class="hljs-string">'module.exports'</span> }</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <!-- eslint-disable node-core/no-duplicate-requires --> <pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./point.mjs'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// [class Point]</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// Named exports are lost when 'module.exports' is used</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { distance } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./point.mjs'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(distance); <span class="hljs-comment">// undefined</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>Notice in the example above, when the <code>module.exports</code> export name is used, named exports will be lost to CommonJS consumers. To allow CommonJS consumers to continue accessing named exports, the module can make sure that the default export is an object with the named exports attached to it as properties. For example with the example above, <code>distance</code> can be attached to the default export, the <code>Point</code> class, as a static method.</p> <!-- eslint-disable @stylistic/js/semi --> <pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">distance</span>(<span class="hljs-params">a, b</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Math</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">sqrt</span>((b.<span class="hljs-property">x</span> - a.<span class="hljs-property">x</span>) ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span> + (b.<span class="hljs-property">y</span> - a.<span class="hljs-property">y</span>) ** <span class="hljs-number">2</span>); } <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> { <span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">x, y</span>) { <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">x</span> = x; <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">y</span> = y; } <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> distance = distance; } <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> <span class="hljs-string">'module.exports'</span> }</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <!-- eslint-disable node-core/no-duplicate-requires --> <pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./point.mjs'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Point</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// [class Point]</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { distance } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./point.mjs'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(distance); <span class="hljs-comment">// [Function: distance]</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>If the module being <code>require()</code>'d contains top-level <code>await</code>, or the module graph it <code>import</code>s contains top-level <code>await</code>, <a href="errors.html#err_require_async_module"><code>ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE</code></a> will be thrown. In this case, users should load the asynchronous module using <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import"><code>import()</code></a>.</p> <p>If <code>--experimental-print-required-tla</code> is enabled, instead of throwing <code>ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE</code> before evaluation, Node.js will evaluate the module, try to locate the top-level awaits, and print their location to help users fix them.</p> <p>Support for loading ES modules using <code>require()</code> is currently experimental and can be disabled using <code>--no-experimental-require-module</code>. To print where this feature is used, use <a href="cli.html#--trace-require-modulemode"><code>--trace-require-module</code></a>.</p> <p>This feature can be detected by checking if <a href="process.html#processfeaturesrequire_module"><code>process.features.require_module</code></a> is <code>true</code>.</p> </section><section><h3>All together<span><a class="mark" href="#all-together" id="all-together">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_all_together"></a></h3> <p>To get the exact filename that will be loaded when <code>require()</code> is called, use the <code>require.resolve()</code> function.</p> <p>Putting together all of the above, here is the high-level algorithm in pseudocode of what <code>require()</code> does:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">require(X) from module at path Y 1. If X is a core module, a. return the core module b. STOP 2. If X begins with '/' a. set Y to the file system root 3. If X is equal to '.', or X begins with './', '/' or '../' a. LOAD_AS_FILE(Y + X) b. LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(Y + X) c. THROW "not found" 4. If X begins with '#' a. LOAD_PACKAGE_IMPORTS(X, dirname(Y)) 5. LOAD_PACKAGE_SELF(X, dirname(Y)) 6. LOAD_NODE_MODULES(X, dirname(Y)) 7. THROW "not found" MAYBE_DETECT_AND_LOAD(X) 1. If X parses as a CommonJS module, load X as a CommonJS module. STOP. 2. Else, if the source code of X can be parsed as ECMAScript module using <a href="esm.md#resolver-algorithm-specification">DETECT_MODULE_SYNTAX defined in the ESM resolver</a>, a. Load X as an ECMAScript module. STOP. 3. THROW the SyntaxError from attempting to parse X as CommonJS in 1. STOP. LOAD_AS_FILE(X) 1. If X is a file, load X as its file extension format. STOP 2. If X.js is a file, a. Find the closest package scope SCOPE to X. b. If no scope was found 1. MAYBE_DETECT_AND_LOAD(X.js) c. If the SCOPE/package.json contains "type" field, 1. If the "type" field is "module", load X.js as an ECMAScript module. STOP. 2. If the "type" field is "commonjs", load X.js as a CommonJS module. STOP. d. MAYBE_DETECT_AND_LOAD(X.js) 3. If X.json is a file, load X.json to a JavaScript Object. STOP 4. If X.node is a file, load X.node as binary addon. STOP LOAD_INDEX(X) 1. If X/index.js is a file a. Find the closest package scope SCOPE to X. b. If no scope was found, load X/index.js as a CommonJS module. STOP. c. If the SCOPE/package.json contains "type" field, 1. If the "type" field is "module", load X/index.js as an ECMAScript module. STOP. 2. Else, load X/index.js as a CommonJS module. STOP. 2. If X/index.json is a file, parse X/index.json to a JavaScript object. STOP 3. If X/index.node is a file, load X/index.node as binary addon. STOP LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(X) 1. If X/package.json is a file, a. Parse X/package.json, and look for "main" field. b. If "main" is a falsy value, GOTO 2. c. let M = X + (json main field) d. LOAD_AS_FILE(M) e. LOAD_INDEX(M) f. LOAD_INDEX(X) DEPRECATED g. THROW "not found" 2. LOAD_INDEX(X) LOAD_NODE_MODULES(X, START) 1. let DIRS = NODE_MODULES_PATHS(START) 2. for each DIR in DIRS: a. LOAD_PACKAGE_EXPORTS(X, DIR) b. LOAD_AS_FILE(DIR/X) c. LOAD_AS_DIRECTORY(DIR/X) NODE_MODULES_PATHS(START) 1. let PARTS = path split(START) 2. let I = count of PARTS - 1 3. let DIRS = [] 4. while I >= 0, a. if PARTS[I] = "node_modules", GOTO d. b. DIR = path join(PARTS[0 .. I] + "node_modules") c. DIRS = DIR + DIRS d. let I = I - 1 5. return DIRS + GLOBAL_FOLDERS LOAD_PACKAGE_IMPORTS(X, DIR) 1. Find the closest package scope SCOPE to DIR. 2. If no scope was found, return. 3. If the SCOPE/package.json "imports" is null or undefined, return. 4. If `--experimental-require-module` is enabled a. let CONDITIONS = ["node", "require", "module-sync"] b. Else, let CONDITIONS = ["node", "require"] 5. let MATCH = PACKAGE_IMPORTS_RESOLVE(X, pathToFileURL(SCOPE), CONDITIONS) <a href="esm.md#resolver-algorithm-specification">defined in the ESM resolver</a>. 6. RESOLVE_ESM_MATCH(MATCH). LOAD_PACKAGE_EXPORTS(X, DIR) 1. Try to interpret X as a combination of NAME and SUBPATH where the name may have a @scope/ prefix and the subpath begins with a slash (`/`). 2. If X does not match this pattern or DIR/NAME/package.json is not a file, return. 3. Parse DIR/NAME/package.json, and look for "exports" field. 4. If "exports" is null or undefined, return. 5. If `--experimental-require-module` is enabled a. let CONDITIONS = ["node", "require", "module-sync"] b. Else, let CONDITIONS = ["node", "require"] 6. let MATCH = PACKAGE_EXPORTS_RESOLVE(pathToFileURL(DIR/NAME), "." + SUBPATH, `package.json` "exports", CONDITIONS) <a href="esm.md#resolver-algorithm-specification">defined in the ESM resolver</a>. 7. RESOLVE_ESM_MATCH(MATCH) LOAD_PACKAGE_SELF(X, DIR) 1. Find the closest package scope SCOPE to DIR. 2. If no scope was found, return. 3. If the SCOPE/package.json "exports" is null or undefined, return. 4. If the SCOPE/package.json "name" is not the first segment of X, return. 5. let MATCH = PACKAGE_EXPORTS_RESOLVE(pathToFileURL(SCOPE), "." + X.slice("name".length), `package.json` "exports", ["node", "require"]) <a href="esm.md#resolver-algorithm-specification">defined in the ESM resolver</a>. 6. RESOLVE_ESM_MATCH(MATCH) RESOLVE_ESM_MATCH(MATCH) 1. let RESOLVED_PATH = fileURLToPath(MATCH) 2. If the file at RESOLVED_PATH exists, load RESOLVED_PATH as its extension format. STOP 3. THROW "not found"</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </section><section><h3>Caching<span><a class="mark" href="#caching" id="caching">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_caching"></a></h3> <p>Modules are cached after the first time they are loaded. This means (among other things) that every call to <code>require('foo')</code> will get exactly the same object returned, if it would resolve to the same file.</p> <p>Provided <code>require.cache</code> is not modified, multiple calls to <code>require('foo')</code> will not cause the module code to be executed multiple times. This is an important feature. With it, "partially done" objects can be returned, thus allowing transitive dependencies to be loaded even when they would cause cycles.</p> <p>To have a module execute code multiple times, export a function, and call that function.</p> <div> <h4>Module caching caveats<span><a class="mark" href="#module-caching-caveats" id="module-caching-caveats">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_caching_caveats"></a></h4> <p>Modules are cached based on their resolved filename. Since modules may resolve to a different filename based on the location of the calling module (loading from <code>node_modules</code> folders), it is not a <em>guarantee</em> that <code>require('foo')</code> will always return the exact same object, if it would resolve to different files.</p> <p>Additionally, on case-insensitive file systems or operating systems, different resolved filenames can point to the same file, but the cache will still treat them as different modules and will reload the file multiple times. For example, <code>require('./foo')</code> and <code>require('./FOO')</code> return two different objects, irrespective of whether or not <code>./foo</code> and <code>./FOO</code> are the same file.</p> </div> </section><section><h3>Built-in modules<span><a class="mark" href="#built-in-modules" id="built-in-modules">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_built_in_modules"></a></h3> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v16.0.0, v14.18.0</td> <td><p>Added <code>node:</code> import support to <code>require(...)</code>.</p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <p>Node.js has several modules compiled into the binary. These modules are described in greater detail elsewhere in this documentation.</p> <p>The built-in modules are defined within the Node.js source and are located in the <code>lib/</code> folder.</p> <p>Built-in modules can be identified using the <code>node:</code> prefix, in which case it bypasses the <code>require</code> cache. For instance, <code>require('node:http')</code> will always return the built in HTTP module, even if there is <code>require.cache</code> entry by that name.</p> <p>Some built-in modules are always preferentially loaded if their identifier is passed to <code>require()</code>. For instance, <code>require('http')</code> will always return the built-in HTTP module, even if there is a file by that name. The list of built-in modules that can be loaded without using the <code>node:</code> prefix is exposed as <a href="module.html#modulebuiltinmodules"><code>module.builtinModules</code></a>.</p> <div> <h4>Built-in modules with mandatory <code>node:</code> prefix<span><a class="mark" href="#built-in-modules-with-mandatory-node-prefix" id="built-in-modules-with-mandatory-node-prefix">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_built_in_modules_with_mandatory_node_prefix"></a></h4> <p>When being loaded by <code>require()</code>, some built-in modules must be requested with the <code>node:</code> prefix. This requirement exists to prevent newly introduced built-in modules from having a conflict with user land packages that already have taken the name. Currently the built-in modules that requires the <code>node:</code> prefix are:</p> <ul> <li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#single-executable-application-api"><code>node:sea</code></a></li> <li><a href="sqlite.html"><code>node:sqlite</code></a></li> <li><a href="test.html"><code>node:test</code></a></li> <li><a href="test.html#test-reporters"><code>node:test/reporters</code></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><section><h3>Cycles<span><a class="mark" href="#cycles" id="cycles">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_cycles"></a></h3> <p>When there are circular <code>require()</code> calls, a module might not have finished executing when it is returned.</p> <p>Consider this situation:</p> <p><code>a.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'a starting'</span>); <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">done</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> b = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./b.js'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'in a, b.done = %j'</span>, b.<span class="hljs-property">done</span>); <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">done</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>; <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'a done'</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p><code>b.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'b starting'</span>); <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">done</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./a.js'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'in b, a.done = %j'</span>, a.<span class="hljs-property">done</span>); <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">done</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>; <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'b done'</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p><code>main.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'main starting'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./a.js'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> b = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./b.js'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'in main, a.done = %j, b.done = %j'</span>, a.<span class="hljs-property">done</span>, b.<span class="hljs-property">done</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>When <code>main.js</code> loads <code>a.js</code>, then <code>a.js</code> in turn loads <code>b.js</code>. At that point, <code>b.js</code> tries to load <code>a.js</code>. In order to prevent an infinite loop, an <strong>unfinished copy</strong> of the <code>a.js</code> exports object is returned to the <code>b.js</code> module. <code>b.js</code> then finishes loading, and its <code>exports</code> object is provided to the <code>a.js</code> module.</p> <p>By the time <code>main.js</code> has loaded both modules, they're both finished. The output of this program would thus be:</p> <pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">node main.js</span> main starting a starting b starting in b, a.done = false b done in a, b.done = true a done in main, a.done = true, b.done = true</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>Careful planning is required to allow cyclic module dependencies to work correctly within an application.</p> </section><section><h3>File modules<span><a class="mark" href="#file-modules" id="file-modules">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_file_modules"></a></h3> <p>If the exact filename is not found, then Node.js will attempt to load the required filename with the added extensions: <code>.js</code>, <code>.json</code>, and finally <code>.node</code>. When loading a file that has a different extension (e.g. <code>.cjs</code>), its full name must be passed to <code>require()</code>, including its file extension (e.g. <code>require('./file.cjs')</code>).</p> <p><code>.json</code> files are parsed as JSON text files, <code>.node</code> files are interpreted as compiled addon modules loaded with <code>process.dlopen()</code>. Files using any other extension (or no extension at all) are parsed as JavaScript text files. Refer to the <a href="packages.html#determining-module-system">Determining module system</a> section to understand what parse goal will be used.</p> <p>A required module prefixed with <code>'/'</code> is an absolute path to the file. For example, <code>require('/home/marco/foo.js')</code> will load the file at <code>/home/marco/foo.js</code>.</p> <p>A required module prefixed with <code>'./'</code> is relative to the file calling <code>require()</code>. That is, <code>circle.js</code> must be in the same directory as <code>foo.js</code> for <code>require('./circle')</code> to find it.</p> <p>Without a leading <code>'/'</code>, <code>'./'</code>, or <code>'../'</code> to indicate a file, the module must either be a core module or is loaded from a <code>node_modules</code> folder.</p> <p>If the given path does not exist, <code>require()</code> will throw a <a href="errors.html#module_not_found"><code>MODULE_NOT_FOUND</code></a> error.</p> </section><section><h3>Folders as modules<span><a class="mark" href="#folders-as-modules" id="folders-as-modules">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_folders_as_modules"></a></h3> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_3"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 3</a> - Legacy: Use <a href="packages.html#subpath-exports">subpath exports</a> or <a href="packages.html#subpath-imports">subpath imports</a> instead.</div><p></p> <p>There are three ways in which a folder may be passed to <code>require()</code> as an argument.</p> <p>The first is to create a <a href="packages.html#nodejs-packagejson-field-definitions"><code>package.json</code></a> file in the root of the folder, which specifies a <code>main</code> module. An example <a href="packages.html#nodejs-packagejson-field-definitions"><code>package.json</code></a> file might look like this:</p> <pre><code class="language-json"><span class="hljs-punctuation">{</span> <span class="hljs-attr">"name"</span> <span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> <span class="hljs-string">"some-library"</span><span class="hljs-punctuation">,</span> <span class="hljs-attr">"main"</span> <span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> <span class="hljs-string">"./lib/some-library.js"</span> <span class="hljs-punctuation">}</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>If this was in a folder at <code>./some-library</code>, then <code>require('./some-library')</code> would attempt to load <code>./some-library/lib/some-library.js</code>.</p> <p>If there is no <a href="packages.html#nodejs-packagejson-field-definitions"><code>package.json</code></a> file present in the directory, or if the <a href="packages.html#main"><code>"main"</code></a> entry is missing or cannot be resolved, then Node.js will attempt to load an <code>index.js</code> or <code>index.node</code> file out of that directory. For example, if there was no <a href="packages.html#nodejs-packagejson-field-definitions"><code>package.json</code></a> file in the previous example, then <code>require('./some-library')</code> would attempt to load:</p> <ul> <li><code>./some-library/index.js</code></li> <li><code>./some-library/index.node</code></li> </ul> <p>If these attempts fail, then Node.js will report the entire module as missing with the default error:</p> <pre><code class="language-console">Error: Cannot find module 'some-library'</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>In all three above cases, an <code>import('./some-library')</code> call would result in a <a href="errors.html#err_unsupported_dir_import"><code>ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT</code></a> error. Using package <a href="packages.html#subpath-exports">subpath exports</a> or <a href="packages.html#subpath-imports">subpath imports</a> can provide the same containment organization benefits as folders as modules, and work for both <code>require</code> and <code>import</code>.</p> </section><section><h3>Loading from <code>node_modules</code> folders<span><a class="mark" href="#loading-from-node_modules-folders" id="loading-from-node_modules-folders">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_loading_from_node_modules_folders"></a></h3> <p>If the module identifier passed to <code>require()</code> is not a <a href="#built-in-modules">built-in</a> module, and does not begin with <code>'/'</code>, <code>'../'</code>, or <code>'./'</code>, then Node.js starts at the directory of the current module, and adds <code>/node_modules</code>, and attempts to load the module from that location. Node.js will not append <code>node_modules</code> to a path already ending in <code>node_modules</code>.</p> <p>If it is not found there, then it moves to the parent directory, and so on, until the root of the file system is reached.</p> <p>For example, if the file at <code>'/home/ry/projects/foo.js'</code> called <code>require('bar.js')</code>, then Node.js would look in the following locations, in this order:</p> <ul> <li><code>/home/ry/projects/node_modules/bar.js</code></li> <li><code>/home/ry/node_modules/bar.js</code></li> <li><code>/home/node_modules/bar.js</code></li> <li><code>/node_modules/bar.js</code></li> </ul> <p>This allows programs to localize their dependencies, so that they do not clash.</p> <p>It is possible to require specific files or sub modules distributed with a module by including a path suffix after the module name. For instance <code>require('example-module/path/to/file')</code> would resolve <code>path/to/file</code> relative to where <code>example-module</code> is located. The suffixed path follows the same module resolution semantics.</p> </section><section><h3>Loading from the global folders<span><a class="mark" href="#loading-from-the-global-folders" id="loading-from-the-global-folders">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_loading_from_the_global_folders"></a></h3> <p>If the <code>NODE_PATH</code> environment variable is set to a colon-delimited list of absolute paths, then Node.js will search those paths for modules if they are not found elsewhere.</p> <p>On Windows, <code>NODE_PATH</code> is delimited by semicolons (<code>;</code>) instead of colons.</p> <p><code>NODE_PATH</code> was originally created to support loading modules from varying paths before the current <a href="#all-together">module resolution</a> algorithm was defined.</p> <p><code>NODE_PATH</code> is still supported, but is less necessary now that the Node.js ecosystem has settled on a convention for locating dependent modules. Sometimes deployments that rely on <code>NODE_PATH</code> show surprising behavior when people are unaware that <code>NODE_PATH</code> must be set. Sometimes a module's dependencies change, causing a different version (or even a different module) to be loaded as the <code>NODE_PATH</code> is searched.</p> <p>Additionally, Node.js will search in the following list of GLOBAL_FOLDERS:</p> <ul> <li>1: <code>$HOME/.node_modules</code></li> <li>2: <code>$HOME/.node_libraries</code></li> <li>3: <code>$PREFIX/lib/node</code></li> </ul> <p>Where <code>$HOME</code> is the user's home directory, and <code>$PREFIX</code> is the Node.js configured <code>node_prefix</code>.</p> <p>These are mostly for historic reasons.</p> <p>It is strongly encouraged to place dependencies in the local <code>node_modules</code> folder. These will be loaded faster, and more reliably.</p> </section><section><h3>The module wrapper<span><a class="mark" href="#the-module-wrapper" id="the-module-wrapper">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_the_module_wrapper"></a></h3> <p>Before a module's code is executed, Node.js will wrap it with a function wrapper that looks like the following:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">(<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>, <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>, __filename, __dirname</span>) { <span class="hljs-comment">// Module code actually lives in here</span> });</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>By doing this, Node.js achieves a few things:</p> <ul> <li>It keeps top-level variables (defined with <code>var</code>, <code>const</code>, or <code>let</code>) scoped to the module rather than the global object.</li> <li>It helps to provide some global-looking variables that are actually specific to the module, such as: <ul> <li>The <code>module</code> and <code>exports</code> objects that the implementor can use to export values from the module.</li> <li>The convenience variables <code>__filename</code> and <code>__dirname</code>, containing the module's absolute filename and directory path.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section><section><h3>The module scope<span><a class="mark" href="#the-module-scope" id="the-module-scope">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_the_module_scope"></a></h3> <div> <h4><code>__dirname</code><span><a class="mark" href="#__dirname" id="__dirname">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_dirname"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.27</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The directory name of the current module. This is the same as the <a href="path.html#pathdirnamepath"><code>path.dirname()</code></a> of the <a href="#__filename"><code>__filename</code></a>.</p> <p>Example: running <code>node example.js</code> from <code>/Users/mjr</code></p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(__dirname); <span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: /Users/mjr</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(path.<span class="hljs-title function_">dirname</span>(__filename)); <span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: /Users/mjr</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div><div> <h4><code>__filename</code><span><a class="mark" href="#__filename" id="__filename">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_filename"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.0.1</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The file name of the current module. This is the current module file's absolute path with symlinks resolved.</p> <p>For a main program this is not necessarily the same as the file name used in the command line.</p> <p>See <a href="#__dirname"><code>__dirname</code></a> for the directory name of the current module.</p> <p>Examples:</p> <p>Running <code>node example.js</code> from <code>/Users/mjr</code></p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(__filename); <span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: /Users/mjr/example.js</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(__dirname); <span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: /Users/mjr</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>Given two modules: <code>a</code> and <code>b</code>, where <code>b</code> is a dependency of <code>a</code> and there is a directory structure of:</p> <ul> <li><code>/Users/mjr/app/a.js</code></li> <li><code>/Users/mjr/app/node_modules/b/b.js</code></li> </ul> <p>References to <code>__filename</code> within <code>b.js</code> will return <code>/Users/mjr/app/node_modules/b/b.js</code> while references to <code>__filename</code> within <code>a.js</code> will return <code>/Users/mjr/app/a.js</code>.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>exports</code><span><a class="mark" href="#exports" id="exports">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_exports"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.12</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>A reference to the <code>module.exports</code> that is shorter to type. See the section about the <a href="#exports-shortcut">exports shortcut</a> for details on when to use <code>exports</code> and when to use <code>module.exports</code>.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module</code><span><a class="mark" href="#module" id="module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="modules.html#the-module-object" class="type"><module></a></li> </ul> <p>A reference to the current module, see the section about the <a href="#the-module-object"><code>module</code> object</a>. In particular, <code>module.exports</code> is used for defining what a module exports and makes available through <code>require()</code>.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>require(id)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#requireid" id="requireid">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_require_id"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.13</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>id</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> module name or path</li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> exported module content</li> </ul> <p>Used to import modules, <code>JSON</code>, and local files. Modules can be imported from <code>node_modules</code>. Local modules and JSON files can be imported using a relative path (e.g. <code>./</code>, <code>./foo</code>, <code>./bar/baz</code>, <code>../foo</code>) that will be resolved against the directory named by <a href="#__dirname"><code>__dirname</code></a> (if defined) or the current working directory. The relative paths of POSIX style are resolved in an OS independent fashion, meaning that the examples above will work on Windows in the same way they would on Unix systems.</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// Importing a local module with a path relative to the `__dirname` or current</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// working directory. (On Windows, this would resolve to .\path\myLocalModule.)</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myLocalModule = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./path/myLocalModule'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Importing a JSON file:</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> jsonData = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./path/filename.json'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Importing a module from node_modules or Node.js built-in module:</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> crypto = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <div> <h5><code>require.cache</code><span><a class="mark" href="#requirecache" id="requirecache">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_require_cache"></a></h5> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.3.0</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>Modules are cached in this object when they are required. By deleting a key value from this object, the next <code>require</code> will reload the module. This does not apply to <a href="addons.html">native addons</a>, for which reloading will result in an error.</p> <p>Adding or replacing entries is also possible. This cache is checked before built-in modules and if a name matching a built-in module is added to the cache, only <code>node:</code>-prefixed require calls are going to receive the built-in module. Use with care!</p> <!-- eslint-disable node-core/no-duplicate-requires, no-restricted-syntax --> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> assert = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:assert'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> realFs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fakeFs = {}; <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>.<span class="hljs-property">cache</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fs</span> = { <span class="hljs-attr">exports</span>: fakeFs }; assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">strictEqual</span>(<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>), fakeFs); assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">strictEqual</span>(<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>), realFs);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div><div> <h5><code>require.extensions</code><span><a class="mark" href="#requireextensions" id="requireextensions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_require_extensions"></a></h5> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.3.0</span><span>Deprecated since: v0.10.6</span> </div> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_0"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 0</a> - Deprecated</div><p></p> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>Instruct <code>require</code> on how to handle certain file extensions.</p> <p>Process files with the extension <code>.sjs</code> as <code>.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>.<span class="hljs-property">extensions</span>[<span class="hljs-string">'.sjs'</span>] = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>.<span class="hljs-property">extensions</span>[<span class="hljs-string">'.js'</span>];</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p><strong>Deprecated.</strong> In the past, this list has been used to load non-JavaScript modules into Node.js by compiling them on-demand. However, in practice, there are much better ways to do this, such as loading modules via some other Node.js program, or compiling them to JavaScript ahead of time.</p> <p>Avoid using <code>require.extensions</code>. Use could cause subtle bugs and resolving the extensions gets slower with each registered extension.</p> </div><div> <h5><code>require.main</code><span><a class="mark" href="#requiremain" id="requiremain">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_require_main"></a></h5> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.17</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="modules.html#the-module-object" class="type"><module></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>Module</code> object representing the entry script loaded when the Node.js process launched, or <code>undefined</code> if the entry point of the program is not a CommonJS module. See <a href="#accessing-the-main-module">"Accessing the main module"</a>.</p> <p>In <code>entry.js</code> script:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>.<span class="hljs-property">main</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <pre><code class="language-bash">node entry.js</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <!-- eslint-skip --> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-title class_">Module</span> { <span class="hljs-attr">id</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'.'</span>, <span class="hljs-attr">path</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'/absolute/path/to'</span>, <span class="hljs-attr">exports</span>: {}, <span class="hljs-attr">filename</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'/absolute/path/to/entry.js'</span>, <span class="hljs-attr">loaded</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>, <span class="hljs-attr">children</span>: [], <span class="hljs-attr">paths</span>: [ <span class="hljs-string">'/absolute/path/to/node_modules'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'/absolute/path/node_modules'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'/absolute/node_modules'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'/node_modules'</span> ] }</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div><div> <h5><code>require.resolve(request[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#requireresolverequest-options" id="requireresolverequest-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_require_resolve_request_options"></a></h5> <div class="api_metadata"> <details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary> <table> <tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr> <tr><td>v8.9.0</td> <td><p>The <code>paths</code> option is now supported.</p></td></tr> <tr><td>v0.3.0</td> <td><p><span>Added in: v0.3.0</span></p></td></tr> </tbody></table> </details> </div> <ul> <li><code>request</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The module path to resolve.</li> <li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <ul> <li><code>paths</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> Paths to resolve module location from. If present, these paths are used instead of the default resolution paths, with the exception of <a href="#loading-from-the-global-folders">GLOBAL_FOLDERS</a> like <code>$HOME/.node_modules</code>, which are always included. Each of these paths is used as a starting point for the module resolution algorithm, meaning that the <code>node_modules</code> hierarchy is checked from this location.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>Use the internal <code>require()</code> machinery to look up the location of a module, but rather than loading the module, just return the resolved filename.</p> <p>If the module can not be found, a <code>MODULE_NOT_FOUND</code> error is thrown.</p> <div> <h6><code>require.resolve.paths(request)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#requireresolvepathsrequest" id="requireresolvepathsrequest">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_require_resolve_paths_request"></a></h6> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v8.9.0</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>request</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The module path whose lookup paths are being retrieved.</li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a></li> </ul> <p>Returns an array containing the paths searched during resolution of <code>request</code> or <code>null</code> if the <code>request</code> string references a core module, for example <code>http</code> or <code>fs</code>.</p> </div></div></div> </section><section><h3>The <code>module</code> object<span><a class="mark" href="#the-module-object" id="the-module-object">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_the_module_object"></a></h3> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>In each module, the <code>module</code> free variable is a reference to the object representing the current module. For convenience, <code>module.exports</code> is also accessible via the <code>exports</code> module-global. <code>module</code> is not actually a global but rather local to each module.</p> <div> <h4><code>module.children</code><span><a class="mark" href="#modulechildren" id="modulechildren">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_children"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="modules.html#the-module-object" class="type"><module[]></a></li> </ul> <p>The module objects required for the first time by this one.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.exports</code><span><a class="mark" href="#moduleexports" id="moduleexports">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_exports"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li> </ul> <p>The <code>module.exports</code> object is created by the <code>Module</code> system. Sometimes this is not acceptable; many want their module to be an instance of some class. To do this, assign the desired export object to <code>module.exports</code>. Assigning the desired object to <code>exports</code> will simply rebind the local <code>exports</code> variable, which is probably not what is desired.</p> <p>For example, suppose we were making a module called <code>a.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">EventEmitter</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:events'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">EventEmitter</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// Do some work, and after some time emit</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// the 'ready' event from the module itself.</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">setTimeout</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> { <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">emit</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'ready'</span>); }, <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>Then in another file we could do:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./a'</span>); a.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'ready'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> { <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'module "a" is ready'</span>); });</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>Assignment to <code>module.exports</code> must be done immediately. It cannot be done in any callbacks. This does not work:</p> <p><code>x.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-built_in">setTimeout</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> { <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span> = { <span class="hljs-attr">a</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'hello'</span> }; }, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p><code>y.js</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> x = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./x'</span>); <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(x.<span class="hljs-property">a</span>);</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <div> <h5><code>exports</code> shortcut<span><a class="mark" href="#exports-shortcut" id="exports-shortcut">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_exports_shortcut"></a></h5> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <p>The <code>exports</code> variable is available within a module's file-level scope, and is assigned the value of <code>module.exports</code> before the module is evaluated.</p> <p>It allows a shortcut, so that <code>module.exports.f = ...</code> can be written more succinctly as <code>exports.f = ...</code>. However, be aware that like any variable, if a new value is assigned to <code>exports</code>, it is no longer bound to <code>module.exports</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span>.<span class="hljs-property">hello</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// Exported from require of module</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span> = { <span class="hljs-attr">hello</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">false</span> }; <span class="hljs-comment">// Not exported, only available in the module</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>When the <code>module.exports</code> property is being completely replaced by a new object, it is common to also reassign <code>exports</code>:</p> <!-- eslint-disable func-name-matching --> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">Constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) { <span class="hljs-comment">// ... etc.</span> };</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>To illustrate the behavior, imagine this hypothetical implementation of <code>require()</code>, which is quite similar to what is actually done by <code>require()</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">require</span>(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-comment">/* ... */</span></span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span> = { <span class="hljs-attr">exports</span>: {} }; (<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params"><span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span></span>) =></span> { <span class="hljs-comment">// Module code here. In this example, define a function.</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">someFunc</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {} <span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span> = someFunc; <span class="hljs-comment">// At this point, exports is no longer a shortcut to module.exports, and</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// this module will still export an empty default object.</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span> = someFunc; <span class="hljs-comment">// At this point, the module will now export someFunc, instead of the</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// default object.</span> })(<span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>, <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">module</span>.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span>; }</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div></div><div> <h4><code>module.filename</code><span><a class="mark" href="#modulefilename" id="modulefilename">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_filename"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The fully resolved filename of the module.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.id</code><span><a class="mark" href="#moduleid" id="moduleid">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_id"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The identifier for the module. Typically this is the fully resolved filename.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.isPreloading</code><span><a class="mark" href="#moduleispreloading" id="moduleispreloading">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_ispreloading"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v15.4.0, v14.17.0</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> if the module is running during the Node.js preload phase.</li> </ul> </div><div> <h4><code>module.loaded</code><span><a class="mark" href="#moduleloaded" id="moduleloaded">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_loaded"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li> </ul> <p>Whether or not the module is done loading, or is in the process of loading.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.parent</code><span><a class="mark" href="#moduleparent" id="moduleparent">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_parent"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.1.16</span><span>Deprecated since: v14.6.0, v12.19.0</span> </div> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_0"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 0</a> - Deprecated: Please use <a href="#requiremain"><code>require.main</code></a> and <a href="#modulechildren"><code>module.children</code></a> instead.</div><p></p> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="modules.html#the-module-object" class="type"><module></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a></li> </ul> <p>The module that first required this one, or <code>null</code> if the current module is the entry point of the current process, or <code>undefined</code> if the module was loaded by something that is not a CommonJS module (E.G.: REPL or <code>import</code>).</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.path</code><span><a class="mark" href="#modulepath" id="modulepath">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_path"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v11.14.0</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> </ul> <p>The directory name of the module. This is usually the same as the <a href="path.html#pathdirnamepath"><code>path.dirname()</code></a> of the <a href="#moduleid"><code>module.id</code></a>.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.paths</code><span><a class="mark" href="#modulepaths" id="modulepaths">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_paths"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.4.0</span> </div> <ul> <li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a></li> </ul> <p>The search paths for the module.</p> </div><div> <h4><code>module.require(id)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#modulerequireid" id="modulerequireid">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_module_require_id"></a></h4> <div class="api_metadata"> <span>Added in: v0.5.1</span> </div> <ul> <li><code>id</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li> <li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> exported module content</li> </ul> <p>The <code>module.require()</code> method provides a way to load a module as if <code>require()</code> was called from the original module.</p> <p>In order to do this, it is necessary to get a reference to the <code>module</code> object. Since <code>require()</code> returns the <code>module.exports</code>, and the <code>module</code> is typically <em>only</em> available within a specific module's code, it must be explicitly exported in order to be used.</p> </div> </section><section><h3>The <code>Module</code> object<span><a class="mark" href="#the-module-object_1" id="the-module-object_1">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_the_module_object_1"></a></h3> <p>This section was moved to <a href="module.html#the-module-object">Modules: <code>module</code> core module</a>.</p> <!-- Anchors to make sure old links find a target --> <ul> <li><a id="modules_module_builtinmodules" href="module.html#modulebuiltinmodules"><code>module.builtinModules</code></a></li> <li><a id="modules_module_createrequire_filename" href="module.html#modulecreaterequirefilename"><code>module.createRequire(filename)</code></a></li> <li><a id="modules_module_syncbuiltinesmexports" href="module.html#modulesyncbuiltinesmexports"><code>module.syncBuiltinESMExports()</code></a></li> </ul> </section><section><h3>Source map v3 support<span><a class="mark" href="#source-map-v3-support" id="source-map-v3-support">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="modules_source_map_v3_support"></a></h3> <p>This section was moved to <a href="module.html#source-map-support">Modules: <code>module</code> core module</a>.</p> <!-- Anchors to make sure old links find a target --> <ul> <li><a id="modules_module_findsourcemap_path_error" href="module.html#modulefindsourcemappath"><code>module.findSourceMap(path)</code></a></li> <li><a id="modules_class_module_sourcemap" href="module.html#class-modulesourcemap">Class: <code>module.SourceMap</code></a> <ul> <li><a id="modules_new_sourcemap_payload" href="module.html#new-sourcemappayload--linelengths-"><code>new SourceMap(payload)</code></a></li> <li><a id="modules_sourcemap_payload" href="module.html#sourcemappayload"><code>sourceMap.payload</code></a></li> <li><a id="modules_sourcemap_findentry_linenumber_columnnumber" href="module.html#sourcemapfindentrylineoffset-columnoffset"><code>sourceMap.findEntry(lineNumber, columnNumber)</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></section> <!-- API END --> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>