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href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v20.x/api/environment_variables.html">20.x <b>LTS</b></a></li></ol></div> </li> <li class="picker-header"> <a href="#options-picker" aria-controls="options-picker"> <span class="picker-arrow"></span> Options </a> <div class="picker" tabindex="-1"> <ul id="options-picker"> <li> <a href="all.html">View on single page</a> </li> <li> <a href="environment_variables.json">View as JSON</a> </li> <li class="edit_on_github"><a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/edit/main/doc/api/environment_variables.md">Edit on GitHub</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <hr> </header> <details role="navigation" id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul> <li><a href="#environment-variables">Environment Variables</a> <ul> <li><a href="#cli-environment-variables">CLI Environment Variables</a></li> <li><a href="#processenv"><code>process.env</code></a></li> <li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#dotenv">DotEnv</a></span> <ul> <li><a href="#env-files">.env files</a> <ul> <li><a href="#variable-names">Variable Names</a></li> <li><a href="#variable-values">Variable Values</a></li> <li><a href="#spacing">Spacing</a></li> <li><a href="#comments">Comments</a></li> <li><a href="#export-prefixes"><code>export</code> prefixes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#cli-options">CLI Options</a></li> <li><a href="#programmatic-apis">Programmatic APIs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></details> <div role="main" id="apicontent"> <h2>Environment Variables<span><a class="mark" href="#environment-variables" id="environment-variables">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_environment_variables"></a></h2> <p>Environment variables are variables associated to the environment the Node.js process runs in.</p> <section><h3>CLI Environment Variables<span><a class="mark" href="#cli-environment-variables" id="cli-environment-variables">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_cli_environment_variables"></a></h3> <p>There is a set of environment variables that can be defined to customize the behavior of Node.js, for more details refer to the <a href="cli.html#environment-variables_1">CLI Environment Variables documentation</a>.</p> </section><section><h3><code>process.env</code><span><a class="mark" href="#processenv" id="processenv">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_process_env"></a></h3> <p>The basic API for interacting with environment variables is <code>process.env</code>, it consists of an object with pre-populated user environment variables that can be modified and expanded.</p> <p>For more details refer to the <a href="process.html#processenv"><code>process.env</code> documentation</a>.</p> </section><section><h3>DotEnv<span><a class="mark" href="#dotenv" id="dotenv">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_dotenv"></a></h3> <p>Set of utilities for dealing with additional environment variables defined in <code>.env</code> files.</p> <p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_2"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 2</a> - Stable</div><p></p> <div> <h4>.env files<span><a class="mark" href="#env-files" id="env-files">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_env_files"></a></h4> <p><code>.env</code> files (also known as dotenv files) are files that define environment variables, which Node.js applications can then interact with (popularized by the <a href="https://github.com/motdotla/dotenv">dotenv</a> package).</p> <p>The following is an example of the content of a basic <code>.env</code> file:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">MY_VAR_A = "my variable A" MY_VAR_B = "my variable B"</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>This type of file is used in various different programming languages and platforms but there is no formal specification for it, therefore Node.js defines its own specification described below.</p> <p>A <code>.env</code> file is a file that contains key-value pairs, each pair is represented by a variable name followed by the equal sign (<code>=</code>) followed by a variable value.</p> <p>The name of such files is usually <code>.env</code> or it starts with <code>.env</code> (like for example <code>.env.dev</code> where <code>dev</code> indicates a specific target environment). This is the recommended naming scheme but it is not mandatory and dotenv files can have any arbitrary file name.</p> <div> <h5>Variable Names<span><a class="mark" href="#variable-names" id="variable-names">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_variable_names"></a></h5> <p>A valid variable name must contain only letters (uppercase or lowercase), digits and underscores (<code>_</code>) and it can't begin with a digit.</p> <p>More specifically a valid variable name must match the following regular expression:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">^[a-zA-Z_]+[a-zA-Z0-9_]*$</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>The recommended convention is to use capital letters with underscores and digits when necessary, but any variable name respecting the above definition will work just fine.</p> <p>For example, the following are some valid variable names: <code>MY_VAR</code>, <code>MY_VAR_1</code>, <code>my_var</code>, <code>my_var_1</code>, <code>myVar</code>, <code>My_Var123</code>, while these are instead not valid: <code>1_VAR</code>, <code>'my-var'</code>, <code>"my var"</code>, <code>VAR_#1</code>.</p> </div><div> <h5>Variable Values<span><a class="mark" href="#variable-values" id="variable-values">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_variable_values"></a></h5> <p>Variable values are comprised by any arbitrary text, which can optionally be wrapped inside single (<code>'</code>) or double (<code>"</code>) quotes.</p> <p>Quoted variables can span across multiple lines, while non quoted ones are restricted to a single line.</p> <p>Noting that when parsed by Node.js all values are interpreted as text, meaning that any value will result in a JavaScript string inside Node.js. For example the following values: <code>0</code>, <code>true</code> and <code>{ "hello": "world" }</code> will result in the literal strings <code>'0'</code>, <code>'true'</code> and <code>'{ "hello": "world" }'</code> instead of the number zero, the boolean <code>true</code> and an object with the <code>hello</code> property respectively.</p> <p>Examples of valid variables:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">MY_SIMPLE_VAR = a simple single line variable MY_EQUALS_VAR = "this variable contains an = sign!" MY_HASH_VAR = 'this variable contains a # symbol!' MY_MULTILINE_VAR = ' this is a multiline variable containing two separate lines\nSorry, I meant three lines'</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div><div> <h5>Spacing<span><a class="mark" href="#spacing" id="spacing">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_spacing"></a></h5> <p>Leading and trailing whitespace characters around variable keys and values are ignored unless they are enclosed within quotes.</p> <p>For example:</p> <pre><code class="language-text"> MY_VAR_A = my variable a MY_VAR_B = ' my variable b '</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> <p>will be treated identically to:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">MY_VAR_A = my variable a MY_VAR_B = ' my variable b '</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div><div> <h5>Comments<span><a class="mark" href="#comments" id="comments">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_comments"></a></h5> <p>Hash-tag (<code>#</code>) characters denote the beginning of a comment, meaning that the rest of the line will be completely ignored.</p> <p>Hash-tags found within quotes are however treated as any other standard character.</p> <p>For example:</p> <pre><code class="language-text"># This is a comment MY_VAR = my variable # This is also a comment MY_VAR_A = "# this is NOT a comment"</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div><div> <h5><code>export</code> prefixes<span><a class="mark" href="#export-prefixes" id="export-prefixes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_export_prefixes"></a></h5> <p>The <code>export</code> keyword can optionally be added in front of variable declarations, such keyword will be completely ignored by all processing done on the file.</p> <p>This is useful so that the file can be sourced, without modifications, in shell terminals.</p> <p>Example:</p> <pre><code class="language-text">export MY_VAR = my variable</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre> </div></div><div> <h4>CLI Options<span><a class="mark" href="#cli-options" id="cli-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_cli_options"></a></h4> <p><code>.env</code> files can be used to populate the <code>process.env</code> object via one the following CLI options:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="cli.html#--env-filefile"><code>--env-file=file</code></a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="cli.html#--env-file-if-existsfile"><code>--env-file-if-exists=file</code></a></p> </li> </ul> </div><div> <h4>Programmatic APIs<span><a class="mark" href="#programmatic-apis" id="programmatic-apis">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="environment_variables_programmatic_apis"></a></h4> <p>There following two functions allow you to directly interact with <code>.env</code> files:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="process.html#processloadenvfilepath"><code>process.loadEnvFile</code></a> loads an <code>.env</code> file and populates <code>process.env</code> with its variables</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="util.html#utilparseenvcontent"><code>util.parseEnv</code></a> parses the row content of an <code>.env</code> file and returns its value in an object</p> </li> </ul></div></section> <!-- API END --> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>